Processor vulnerabilities (CVEs)
The hardware vulnerabilities of x86-64 processors, by CVE, with the processors each one affects, how it is mitigated and how to check a machine.
Each entry is a CVE that names a processor, its microcode or the firmware that ships with it as the vulnerable product. CVEs about an operating system’s or a hypervisor’s handling of a processor’s behaviour (such as the SYSRET and FXSAVE flaws of the 2000s) belong to that software and are not listed. Related CVEs are grouped under the name the vulnerability is known by; a CVE whose sources give too little for a page of its own is described on its group’s page.
The affected processors come from Intel’s machine-readable affected-processor list, from the tables Linux 7.3 uses to decide which processors to protect, and from the vendors’ bulletins, and each row cites its source. Intel’s list leaves out processors past the end of their servicing, so a processor missing from a table is not necessarily safe.
| CVE | Name | Vulnerability | Vendors | Published | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CVE-2022-28693 | Restricted RSB Alternate behavior (RRSBA) | Retbleed | Intel | 2025 | Transient execution |
| CVE-2024-28956 | Indirect Target Selection (ITS) | Indirect Target Selection | Intel | 2025 | Transient execution |
| CVE-2024-36348 | TSA: control registers | Transient Scheduler Attacks | AMD | 2025 | Transient execution |
| CVE-2024-36349 | TSA: TSC_AUX | Transient Scheduler Attacks | AMD | 2025 | Transient execution |
| CVE-2024-36350 | Transient Scheduler Attack on the store queue (TSA-SQ) | Transient Scheduler Attacks | AMD | 2025 | Transient execution |
| CVE-2024-36357 | Transient Scheduler Attack on the L1 cache (TSA-L1) | Transient Scheduler Attacks | AMD | 2025 | Transient execution |
| CVE-2025-40300 | VMSCAPE (VMSCAPE) | VMSCAPE | Intel, AMD, Hygon | 2025 | Transient execution |
| CVE-2023-28746 | Register File Data Sampling (RFDS) | Register File Data Sampling | Intel | 2024 | Data sampling |
| CVE-2024-2201 | Native Branch History Injection | Spectre variant 2 | Intel | 2024 | Transient execution |
| CVE-2022-27672 | Cross-Thread Return Address Predictions | Cross-Thread Return Address Predictions | AMD, Hygon | 2023 | Transient execution |
| CVE-2022-40982 | Gather Data Sampling (GDS, Downfall) | Gather Data Sampling | Intel | 2023 | Data sampling |
| CVE-2023-20569 | Speculative Return Stack Overflow (SRSO, Inception) | Speculative Return Stack Overflow | AMD, Hygon | 2023 | Transient execution |
| CVE-2021-26401 | LFENCE/JMP mitigation | Spectre variant 2 | AMD | 2022 | Transient execution |
| CVE-2022-0001 | Branch History Injection (BHI, Spectre-BHB) | Spectre variant 2 | Intel | 2022 | Transient execution |
| CVE-2022-0002 | Intra-mode Branch Target Injection (IMBTI) | Spectre variant 2 | Intel | 2022 | Transient execution |
| CVE-2022-21123 | Shared Buffers Data Read (SBDR) | Processor MMIO Stale Data | Intel | 2022 | Data sampling |
| CVE-2022-21125 | Shared Buffers Data Sampling (SBDS) | Processor MMIO Stale Data | Intel | 2022 | Data sampling |
| CVE-2022-21127 | Special Register Buffer Data Sampling update (SRBDS update) | Special Register Buffer Data Sampling | Intel | 2022 | Data sampling |
| CVE-2022-21166 | Device Register Partial Write (DRPW) | Processor MMIO Stale Data | Intel | 2022 | Data sampling |
| CVE-2022-23825 | Branch Type Confusion (BTC) | Retbleed | AMD | 2022 | Transient execution |
| CVE-2022-26373 | Post-barrier Return Stack Buffer Predictions (PBRSB) | Spectre variant 2 | Intel | 2022 | Transient execution |
| CVE-2022-29900 | Retbleed (AMD) (Retbleed, Branch Type Confusion) | Retbleed | AMD, Hygon | 2022 | Transient execution |
| CVE-2022-29901 | Return Stack Buffer Underflow (Retbleed, RSBA) | Retbleed | Intel | 2022 | Transient execution |
| CVE-2020-0543 | Special Register Buffer Data Sampling (SRBDS, CrossTalk) | Special Register Buffer Data Sampling | Intel | 2020 | Data sampling |
| CVE-2018-12126 | Microarchitectural Store Buffer Data Sampling (MSBDS, Fallout) | Microarchitectural Data Sampling | Intel | 2019 | Data sampling |
| CVE-2018-12127 | Microarchitectural Load Port Data Sampling (MLPDS, RIDL) | Microarchitectural Data Sampling | Intel | 2019 | Data sampling |
| CVE-2018-12130 | Microarchitectural Fill Buffer Data Sampling (MFBDS, ZombieLoad, RIDL) | Microarchitectural Data Sampling | Intel | 2019 | Data sampling |
| CVE-2018-12207 | Machine Check Error Avoidance on Page Size Change (iTLB multihit) | iTLB multihit | Intel | 2019 | Other |
| CVE-2019-11091 | Microarchitectural Data Sampling Uncacheable Memory (MDSUM, RIDL) | Microarchitectural Data Sampling | Intel | 2019 | Data sampling |
| CVE-2019-11135 | TSX Asynchronous Abort (TAA, ZombieLoad v2) | TSX Asynchronous Abort | Intel | 2019 | Data sampling |
| CVE-2019-1125 | Spectre v1 swapgs (SWAPGS) | Spectre variant 1 | Intel | 2019 | Transient execution |
| CVE-2017-5715 | Branch Target Injection (Spectre variant 2, Variant 2) | Spectre variant 2 | Intel, AMD, Hygon | 2018 | Transient execution |
| CVE-2017-5753 | Bounds Check Bypass (Spectre variant 1, Variant 1) | Spectre variant 1 | Intel, AMD, Hygon, Zhaoxin | 2018 | Transient execution |
| CVE-2017-5754 | Rogue Data Cache Load (Meltdown, Variant 3) | Meltdown | Intel | 2018 | Transient execution |
| CVE-2018-3615 | L1 Terminal Fault: SGX (L1TF-SGX, Foreshadow) | L1 Terminal Fault | Intel | 2018 | Transient execution |
| CVE-2018-3620 | L1 Terminal Fault: operating systems and SMM (L1TF-OS, Foreshadow-NG) | L1 Terminal Fault | Intel | 2018 | Transient execution |
| CVE-2018-3639 | Speculative Store Bypass (Spectre variant 4, Variant 4, SSB) | Speculative Store Bypass | Intel, AMD | 2018 | Transient execution |
| CVE-2018-3646 | L1 Terminal Fault: virtualization (L1TF-VMM, Foreshadow-NG) | L1 Terminal Fault | Intel | 2018 | Transient execution |
| CVE-2018-3693 | Bounds Check Bypass Store | Spectre variant 1 | Intel, AMD | 2018 | Transient execution |
Checking a Linux machine
Linux reports what it knows of each vulnerability in a file under /sys/devices/system/cpu/vulnerabilities/: Not affected, Vulnerable, or the mitigation in use. grep . /sys/devices/system/cpu/vulnerabilities/* prints them all. These are the files of Linux 7.3 on x86:
| File | Vulnerability |
|---|---|
meltdown | Meltdown |
spectre_v1 | Spectre variant 1 |
spectre_v2 | Spectre variant 2 |
spec_store_bypass | Speculative Store Bypass |
l1tf | L1 Terminal Fault |
mds | Microarchitectural Data Sampling |
tsx_async_abort | TSX Asynchronous Abort |
itlb_multihit | iTLB multihit |
srbds | Special Register Buffer Data Sampling |
mmio_stale_data | Processor MMIO Stale Data |
retbleed | Retbleed |
spec_rstack_overflow | Speculative Return Stack Overflow |
gather_data_sampling | Gather Data Sampling |
reg_file_data_sampling | Register File Data Sampling |
old_microcode | not a vulnerability: Vulnerable when the processor runs microcode older than the newest Intel release Linux knows of |
indirect_target_selection | Indirect Target Selection |
tsa | Transient Scheduler Attacks |
vmscape | VMSCAPE |